Abstract: Translation of the initial chapters of Aristotle’s Prior Analytics into Portuguese and introduction, which addresses interpretative disagreements and translation choices.

Resumo: Tradução para o português dos capítulos iniciais dos Primeiros Analíticos de Aristóteles, precedida de apresentação em que se discutem divergências interpretativas e escolhas de tradução.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of releases of different amounts of Telenomus podisi for the control of Euchistus heros in soybean crops. In addition, productivity was determined between treatments. The experiments were conducted in commercial areas of soybean production during the 2017/2018 crop season. The experiments were installed in three experimental areas in different locations of Sao Paulo state, Brazil; Pardinho (Farm Santa Fe), Tatuí (Farm Dos Lagos), and Angatuba (Farm Santa Irene). The experimental design was that of random blocks with five treatments and five repetitions. The statistical analysis of the experimental data applied was of variance homogeneity (Hartley Test), variance analysis (ANOVA), and Tukey's average discrimination test, at 5% of probability. The treatments evaluated were: T1- 2,000 eggs/ha; T2- 3,500 eggs/ha; T3- 5,000 eggs/ ha; T4- 6,500 eggs/ha; T5- Control (Without T. podisi release). The release of adult parasitoids was carried out manually in the center of the plots. The parasitoid release interval was made from the presence of two nymphs or average adults of E. heros per linear meter, considering the end of the vegetative phase and physiological maturation. The sampling of nymphs and adults of E. heros were performed at weekly intervals (1, 7, 14, and 21 days) prior to the releases of T. podisi. The reduction in the number of nymphs and adults of E. heros, following the release of parasitoids was assessed. Additionally, productivity between treatments was evaluated. The release of 6,500 adults of T. podisi significantly reduced the number of nymphs and adults of E. heros and showed to be more effective regarding other treatments. The productivity between the treatments evaluated did not show significant statistical differences.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficacia de las liberaciones de diferentes cantidades de Telenomus podisi para el control de Euschistus heros en el cultivo de soya. Además, se determinó la productividad entre los tratamientos. Los experimentos fueron conducidos en áreas comerciales de producción de soya, durante el año agrícola 2017/2018. Los experimentos fueron instalados en tres áreas experimentales en diferentes localidades del estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil; Pardinho (Hacienda Santa Fé), Tatuí (Hacienda Dos Lagos) y Angatuba (Hacienda Santa Irene). El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. El análisis estadístico de los datos experimentales aplicado fue la homogeneidad de varianzas (Prueba de Hartley), el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y la prueba de discriminación de medias de Tukey, al 5% de probabilidad. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1- 2,000 huevos /ha; T2- 3.500 huevos/ha; T3- 5.000 huevos/ha; T4- 6.500 huevos/ha; T5-Control (Sin liberación de T. podisi). La liberación de los parasitoides adultos fue realizada manualmente, en el centro de las parcelas. El intervalo de liberación de los parasitoides se realizó a partir de la presencia de dos ninfas y/o adultos promedio de E. heros por metro lineal, entre el final de la fase vegetativa y la maduración fisiológica. Los muestreos de ninfas y adultos de E. heros, fueron realizados en intervalos semanales (1, 7, 14 y 21 días) previamente a las liberaciones de T. podisi. Se evaluó la reducción del número de ninfas y de adultos de E. heros, posterior a la liberación de los parasitoides. Además, se evaluó la productividad entre los tratamientos. La liberación de 6.500 adultos/ha de T. podisi redujo significativamente el número de ninfas y adultos de E. heros y fue más eficaz en relación a los otros tratamientos. La productividad entre los tratamientos evaluados, no presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre sí.

Resumo A pulverização de herbicidas sobre a rebrota do eucalipto é uma prática comum no setor florestal. Entretanto, observa-se a necessidade de várias operações em uma mesma área para controle das brotações. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência dos herbicidas glyphosate e imazapyr, aplicados no fuste principal antes do corte raso das árvores, no controle de brotações de eucalipto. Foram implantados sete tratamentos representados por doses de 3,0; 4,0 e 5,0 mL/fuste de glyphosate (Gli-Up® 360 g i.a L-1) e das doses de 0,3; 0,5 e 0,7 mL/fuste de imazapyr (Chopper Florestal® 250 g i.a. L-1), além de um tratamento-testemunha. A aplicação dos herbicidas foi realizada em inserções feitas nos fustes das árvores. Aos 30 dias após aplicação dos herbicidas, realizou-se o corte das árvores. Aos 150 dias após o corte das árvores, foram realizadas avaliações do número de brotações por cepa, número de cepas com presença de brotações, altura e a eficiência de controle das brotações. A aplicação de glyphosate promoveu redução do vigor das brotações. Porém, observou-se emissão de brotações em pelo menos 80% das cepas avaliadas. A aplicação da dose de 3 mL de glyphosate promoveu porcentagens de 80% de eficiência de controle. Contudo, observou-se que operações de controle adicionais seriam necessárias. A aplicação de imazapyr mostrou-se ineficiente com controle inferior a 25%. Portanto, conclui-se que a aplicação de glyphosate no fuste da árvore em pré-corte reduz o vigor de brotações de eucalipto. Adicionalmente, a aplicação de imazapyr, nas doses e forma de aplicação testadas, não é recomendada para controle de brotações de eucalipto.

Abstract Herbicide spraying on eucalyptus regrowth prior to planting reform is a common practice in the forest sector. However, several operations are needed in the same area for an effective sprout control. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the herbicides glyphosate and imazapyr, applied to the main stem before the harvesting of the tree to eucalyptus sprouts control. There were set up 7 treatments, with application of doses of 3.0; 4.0; and 5.0 mL/stem of glyphosate (Gli-Up® 360g i.a L-1) and doses of 0.3; 0.5; and 0.7 mL/stem of imazapyr (Chopper Florestal® 250g i.a. L-1), in addition to a control treatment. The herbicide spraying consisted of the directed spraying of the herbicides on incisions carried out on the stem of the trees. The harvest of the trees was carried out 30 days after the herbicide spraying. Assessments about the number of sprouts per stump were carried out, the number of stump with presence of coppice, height and control efficiency of the coppice 150 days after harvesting. The glyphosate spraying promoted reduction of the sprout development and vigor. However, even with this reduction, it was observed presence of sprouts in at least 80% of the assessed stumps. The spraying of the dose of 3 mL of glyphosate promoted values next to 80% of control efficiency. Nevertheless, it was observed that new control operations would be necessary. The spraying of imazapyr was inefficient with control efficiency values less than 25%. In conclusion, the application of glyphosate to the main stem before the harvesting of the tree presents reduction in the eucalyptus sprout development. Additionally, the application of imazapyr, in the doses and form application tested, is not recommended to eucalyptus sprout control.

ABSTRACT. Sugar cane is highly productive (dry matter.hectare-1), but after ensiling process nutritional quality is affected, thus additives are needed to control or minimize losses. This study aimed to evaluate if Lactobacillus plantarum LPBR01 strain used as silage inoculant for sugar cane can control fermentation losses. Sugar cane samples (72) were divided in two treatments with three replicates, control (no Lactobacillus) and treatment silage with Lactobacillus (106 CFU g-1 of silage). Nutritional composition of samples in different periods of fermentation (0, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days) was estimated by determining levels of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HEM), mineral matter (MM) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Fermentative profile of the silage was characterized by determining sugars, ammoniacal nitrogen, acidity and pH at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours. Inoculation of sugar cane silage with Lactobacillus plantarum LPBR01 strain presented no significant results (p ≤ 0, 5) however, interaction between treatment and day (p ≤ 0, 5) could be observed for the levels of ADF. The Lactobacillus plantarum LPBR01 strain was not efficient to control the fermentation losses that occur in the silages of sugar cane at the concentration used in this study.

Resumo O carcará é uma ave com reconhecido papel ecológico, atuando no controle de populações de pequenas aves e mamíferos, alimentando-se tanto de presas vivas, quanto de animais em decomposição. Objetivou-se analisar a histologia do trato intestinal do carcará. Foram eutanasiados cinco carcarás provenientes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de Pernambuco, para retirada do intestino e cloaca. Os tecidos foram corados por Hematoxilina/Eosina, Alcian Blue pH 1,0 e Ácido Periódico de Shiff. As vilosidades do intestino delgado e grosso são revestidas por epitélio simples colunar, com microvilosidades e células caliciformes. A lâmina própria contém linfócitos, formando folículos linfáticos no interior de algumas vilosidades. Já a muscular da mucosa está disposta no sentido longitudinal. A camada submucosa só foi observada na cloaca e a camada muscular possui fibras transversais e longitudinais. A serosa reveste externamente todo trato intestinal, sendo composta por mesotélio e tecido conjuntivo submesotelial. Pregas longitudinais foram encontradas no intestino grosso. Conclui-se que o intestino do Carcará apresenta de forma geral estrutura compatível com o padrão histológico observado em outras espécies de aves; entretanto, as células de Paneth e camada submucosa não foram observadas. Folículos linfáticos foram encontrados no interior das vilosidades e um elevado número de células caliciformes na porção final do íleo e intestino grosso.

Abstract The Southern Crested Carcara is a bird with a recognized ecological role in the population control of small birds and mammals, feeding on live prey as much as on decaying animals. The objective of this study was to analyze the histology of Carcara`s intestinal tract of five Carcaras from the Wild Animal Screening Center of Pernambuco were euthanized to remove their intestines and cloacae. The tissues were stained with Hematoxylin/Eosin, Alcian Blue pH 1.0, and Periodic Acid Schiff. The villi of the small and large intestines are lined with a simple columnar epithelium with microvilli membranes and goblet cells. The lamina contains lymphocytes and form lymphatic follicles within some of the villi. The mucosal muscle is arranged in a longitudinal direction. The submucosal layer was only observed in the cloaca and the muscle layer has transverse and longitudinal fibers. The serous membrane lines the whole intestinal tract and is composed of mesothelium and submesothelial connective tissue. Longitudinal folds were found in the large intestine. The conclusion is that the Carcara`s intestine exhibits an overall structure compatible with the histological pattern observed in other species of birds; however, Paneth cells and the submucosal layer were not observed. Lymph follicles were found inside the villi and a high number of goblet cells at the end of the ileum and large intestine.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes períodos de imposição do deficit hídrico sobre a concentração da florada do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica), bem como sobre as trocas gasosas, a produtividade, a maturação e a qualidade dos grãos. As cultivares Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 e Bourbon Amarelo J9 foram avaliadas conforme os seguintes tratamentos: não irrigado (NI), irrigado continuamente (IC), e suspensão da irrigação em 1/7/2010 (D1) e em 1/8/2010 (D2), com retorno desta em 24/9/2010. Cerca de três dias após a retomada da irrigação, registrou-se a ocorrência de uma "chuva de florada", com precipitação de 69 mm. O potencial hídrico foliar de antemanhã (Ψam) nas cultivares Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 e Bourbon Amarelo J9, em 22/9, foi de -0,59 e -0,82 MPa, -0,53 e -0,79 MPa, e -0,34 e -0,49 MPa, para os tratamentos NI, D1 e D2, respectivamente. O percentual máximo de botões florais no estádio E4, imediatamente antes da ocorrência da chuva, não foi afetado pelos níveis de deficit impostos durante o inverno, independentemente das cultivares. Os níveis moderados de deficit hídrico impostos pelos tratamentos (Ψam ~ -0,80 MPa) produziram pouco ou nenhum efeito sobre as trocas gasosas, a taxa de florescimento ou a uniformidade de maturação - percentagem de cerejas de 66% -, e a produtividade e a classificação dos grãos, de ambas as cultivares. O efeito dos diferentes tratamentos sobre o status hídrico dos botões florais não se sobrepõe ao efeito da chuva de florada, que foi determinante para sua abertura.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different periods of water deficit imposition on narrowing coffee (Coffea arabica) blossom period, as well as on gas exchange, coffee bean yield, maturity, and grain quality. The Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 and Bourbon Amarelo J9 cultivars were evaluated according to the following treatments: nonirrigated (NI), continuously irrigated (CI), and suspension of irrigation on 7/1/2010 (D1) and on 8/1/2010 (D2), which was restarted on 9/24/2010. About three days after irrigation was restarted, a "blossom rain" was registered, with 69 mm precipitation. The pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) of the cultivars Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 and Bourbon Amarelo J9, on 9/22, was of -0.59 and -0.82 MPa, -0.53 and -0.79 MPa, and -0.34 and -0.49 MPa for the NI, D1, and D2 treatments, respectively. The maximum percentage of flower buds at the E4 stage, right before rainfall occurrence, was not affected by the water deficit levels imposed during winter, regardless of the cultivar. The moderate water deficits imposed by the treatments (Ψpd ~ -0.80 MPa) had little or no effect on gas exchange, on flowering rate or maturation uniformity - 66% ripe cherries -, and on coffee bean yield and classification of both cultivars. The effect of the different treatments on the water status of the flower buds does not overcome the effects of the blossom rain, which was determinant for their opening.

In this paper, we summarize the diversity of Polyphysaceae species in Todos os Santos Bay, in the state of Bahia, Brazil. On the basis of ten years of collections and the analysis of herbarium material, six species have been recorded for the area: Acetabularia caliculus J.V.Lamour. in Quoy & Gaimard; A. crenulata J.V.Lamour.; A. schenckii Möbius; Parvocaulis myriosporus (Joly & Cord.-Mar.) C.W.N.Moura & J.C.De Andrade comb. nov.; P. pusillus (M.Howe) Berger et al.; and P. parvulus (Solms) S. Berger et al. The last has a distribution extending to the southern Atlantic Ocean. Acetabularia myriospora was transferred to Parvocaulis (as P. myriosporus) on the basis of its short corrugated peduncles and lack of a lower corona in the gametangial ray discs, which are diagnostic characters of this genus. In Todos os Santos Bay, Acetabularia species are more widely distributed than are Parvocaulis species, which are currently restricted to Itaparica Island. The most common taxa were A. caliculus and A. schenckii, which were collected from the majority of the study sites. This paper provides detailed descriptions of the morphology, reproductive aspects and geographic distributions of the algae, as well as discussing the taxa studied.

Quais termos são suscetíveis de operações silogísticas? Para importantes intérpretes da lógica aristotélica - especialmente Ross, Patzig e Lukasiewicz - a resposta tende a introduzir um único e homogêneo grupo de termos, aqueles de generalidade intermediária (τὰ µεταξὺ). Fundamentada basicamente na classificação tripartite de entes que aparece no capítulo 27 de Primeiros Analíticos I, essa opinião atribui à silogística a exclusão de (i) termos singulares (como "Sócrates" e "este homem"), (ii) transcategoriais (como "ente" e "um"), bem como dos chamados (iii) summa genera ("substância", "qualidade", "quantidade", etc.). Em nossa opinião, esses resultados não derivam dos textos de Aristóteles, mas de leituras, traduções e interpretações impróprias das passagens centrais da discussão. Neste artigo, faremos um novo exame desses textos, a fim de mostrar que Aristóteles jamais afastou de sua lógica os tipos de termos que os intérpretes não hesitam em excluir da silogística. Assim, esperamos reintroduzir termos singulares, transcategoriais e summa genera, no domínio da silogística aristotélica.

What terms are susceptible of syllogistic operations? For important interpreters of Aristotelian logic - especially Ross, Lukasiewicz and Patzig - the answer tends to introduce a single and homogeneous group of terms, those of intermediate generality (τὰµεταξὺ). Mostly based on the tripartite classification of beings which appears in Chapter 27 of Prior Analytics I, this view attributes to syllogistic the exclusion of proper names and singular designations (such as "Socrates" and "this man"), transcategoricals (such as "being" and "one"), as well as of the so-called summa genera ("substance", "quality", "quantity", etc.). In our opinion, these results are not derived from the writings of Aristotle, but from improper readings, translations and interpretations of the central passages for the discussion. In this paper, we will make a further examination of these texts in order to show that Aristotle has never departed from his logic the types of terms that interpreters do not hesitate to exclude from syllogistic. Thereby, we hope to bring back singular terms, transcategoricals and summa genera to the operation domain of the Aristotelian syllogistic.

We report here the first occurrence of Bangiopsis subsimplex (Mont.) F.Schmitz (Rhodophyta) for the northeastern coast of Brazil. The specimen was isolated from a laboratory sample of mollusk shells collected in Baía de Todos os Santos (Bimbarras Island, Brazil) and was held in sterilized seawater (33 UPS) enriched with 25% Provasoli solution. In the American Atlantic region, B. subsimplex presents a northern distribution limit at French Guiana and a southern limit at São Paulo. We conclude that the distribution of B. subsimplex has expanded, since the species was once known only to the southeastern Brazil, specifically to São Paulo.

Este estudo relata a primeira ocorrência de Boodlea composita (Harv.) F.Brand (Chlorophyta) para o litoral nordeste do Brasil e o segundo registro para o litoral brasileiro. O material foi coletado ao longo do litoral da Bahia (08º20'07"-18º20'07''S e 30º20'37"-46º36'59"W). A distribuição de B. composita foi ampliada no litoral do Brasil, uma vez que esta era conhecida apenas para a região sudeste, especificamente para Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro. No Atlântico Americano, B. composita apresenta limite norte de distribuição nas Bermudas e limite sul, no Rio de Janeiro.

This study reports the first occurrence of Boodlea composita (Harv.) F.Brand (Chlorophyta) to the northeastern coast of Brazil and the second record for the Brazilian coast. The material was collected along the coast of Bahia (08º20'07"-18º20'07''S and 30º20'37"-46º36'59"W). The distribution of B. composita was expanded along the coast of Brazil, since this was known only to the Southeast, specifically to Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro. In American Atlantic, B. composita presents northern limit of distribution in Bermuda and southern limit at Rio de Janeiro.

Este artigo tem como foco a análise das consequências políticas da estratégia geral que orientou os programas-chave no âmbito do Governo Federal na área de direitos humanos, no quadriênio 2003-2006. Na primeira parte do texto, são discutidos temas considerados centrais para se pensar a trajetória dos direitos humanos no Brasil, a partir do fim do regime autoritário (1964-1985). O objetivo é contextualizar as vitórias e derrotas que marcam as tentativas de afirmação de padrões mais avançados de promoção e proteção dos direitos humanos na sociedade brasileira. Na segunda parte, é feita uma análise do encaminhamento dessa agenda no primeiro mandato do presidente Luís Inácio Lula da Silva. As fontes utilizadas foram documentos oficiais do governo, textos organizados por segmentos específicos da sociedade civil e artigos acadêmicos. Na conclusão, são apresentados os principais impasses dessa agenda e as críticas às visões economicistas que empobrecem a concepção integrada de direitos humanos, que orienta o ensaio.

This article analyzes the political consequences of the general strategy that guided key federal human rights programs from 2003-2006. The first part of the text discusses issues considered to be central for a consideration of the trajectory of human rights in Brazil, beginning with the authoritarian regime (1964-1985). The objective is to locate the victories and defeats that marked attempts to affirm more advanced standards of promotion and protection of human rights in Brazilian society. The second portion analyzes the promotion of this agenda in the first government of President Luís Inácio Lula da Silva. The sources used were official government documents, texts organized by specific segments of civil society and academic articles. In conclusion, it presents the main impasses of this agenda and the criticisms of the economist visions that weaken the integrated concept of human rights that guide the essay.